Raising chickens from hatchlings to fully grown adults is a fascinating and deeply rewarding journey. Each stage of their growth presents unique challenges and opportunities that require specialized care, nutrition, and attention. By understanding these critical milestones, you can provide the best possible environment to support their health, growth, and development

1. The Hatchling Phase (Day 1 to Week 1)

The journey of chicken growth begins with fragile, fluffy hatchlings emerging from their shells. The first week of life is a critical period, as newly hatched chicks are highly vulnerable and require a warm, nurturing environment to survive and thrive. In the hours after hatching, chicks rely on the nutrients absorbed from their yolk sac but quickly transition to needing a source of clean water and high-protein starter feed containing 18-20% protein. Proper hydration and nutrition are essential to support their rapid growth, immune system development, and feather formation. The brooder temperature should be maintained at around 95°F (35°C), gradually decreasing by 5°F each week. Close observation of their behavior offers valuable cues about their comfort—chicks that huddle under the heat source may be too cold, while those that scatter away and pant may be too hot. Ensuring the right environment and nutrition during this phase sets the stage for healthy development.

2. Feathering and Exploration (Weeks 2-4)

During weeks two through four, chicks undergo significant physical changes, most notably the growth of their first set of feathers. These feathers, often called pin feathers, begin to replace their soft down and help them better regulate their body temperature. Gradual reduction of the brooder temperature is recommended, reducing it by 5°F each week until it reaches approximately 70°F. As chicks gain more energy and curiosity, they become more active and explorative. Providing enrichment such as safe objects to peck at or climb on helps prevent boredom and discourages negative behaviors like feather pecking. Proper nutrition remains essential, with a continued diet of high-protein starter feed to support their growing bodies. Monitoring their health closely, keeping the brooder clean, and addressing any signs of illness, such as pasty butt or lethargy, will help ensure they continue to thrive.

3. The Teenage Phase (Weeks 5-15)

Often referred to as the "teenage" phase, weeks five to fifteen mark a period of rapid growth and increased socialization for your flock. During this stage, chicks begin to mature into pullets (young hens) and cockerels (young roosters), developing their adult feathers and exhibiting more defined social behaviors. Establishing a pecking order is common, and minor conflicts may occur as they sort out their social hierarchy. To reduce stress and promote harmony, it is important to provide ample space and multiple feeding and watering stations. Maintaining a diet of starter-grower feed with around 18% protein ensures they continue to develop strong bones, muscles, and feathers. Avoid high-calcium feeds at this stage, as excess calcium can be harmful to their kidneys. Gradual exposure to the outdoors, when weather permits, allows them to acclimate to their environment, build immunity, and engage in natural foraging behaviors.

4. Transition to Layer Feed (Weeks 16-17)

As pullets approach sexual maturity, their nutritional needs change to support the demands of egg production. Around weeks sixteen to seventeen, it is time to transition from starter-grower feed to layer feed, which is specially formulated with the appropriate balance of protein, vitamins, and a higher calcium content (typically around 3.5-4%) to promote strong eggshells. Gradually mixing the new feed with the old over several days helps minimize digestive upset. Pullets preparing to lay may exhibit behaviors such as exploring nesting boxes, squatting when approached, and showing a deepening color in their combs and wattles. Providing clean, comfortable nesting boxes encourages successful laying and creates a supportive environment as they begin their journey as egg-laying hens.

5. The Laying Period (Week 18 and Beyond)

At around eighteen weeks of age, most pullets begin laying their first eggs, signifying a major milestone in their development. This period requires careful attention to nutrition and overall care to ensure consistent egg production and optimal health. Feeding a high-quality layer feed provides the necessary calcium, protein, and essential nutrients needed for sustained egg laying. Daily egg collection helps prevent breakage and deters egg-eating behaviors. Monitoring your hens for signs of stress, illness, or changes in egg production is critical, as factors such as environmental stress, predators, or changes in weather can impact their laying patterns. Supplemental calcium sources, like crushed oyster shells, can be offered to support strong eggshells. With proper care, this stage offers a rewarding experience of collecting fresh, nutritious eggs daily.

6. Molting and Retirement

Molting is a natural process in which hens shed old feathers and grow new ones, typically occurring once a year. During this phase, hens may temporarily stop laying eggs as their bodies redirect energy and nutrients toward feather regeneration. Providing a high-protein diet during molting can support feather regrowth and help hens recover more quickly. As hens age and enter retirement, their egg production naturally declines. It may be necessary to transition them to a maintenance feed with lower calcium levels to reduce strain on their kidneys and support overall health. Ensuring a comfortable environment, continued health checks, and proper nutrition allows older hens to enjoy a high quality of life even after their peak laying years.

Conclusion

The journey from egg to adult chicken is a remarkable process filled with growth, challenges, and fulfillment. By understanding the needs and milestones of each stage, you can provide the care, nutrition, and attention necessary to help your flock thrive. Whether nurturing fragile hatchlings or collecting the first eggs from mature hens, every step of the journey offers rewards and a deeper connection to your birds.